Page No. 1 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B ________________________________________________________________________ Technology Trade Name: ANAEROBIC BIOTRANSFORMATION Address: 1220 Avenida Acaso City: Camarillo, California 93012 USA Contact: Greg Smith Title: Principal, Senior Program Manager Phone: (805) 388-3775 Fax: (805) 388-3377 Status: Full scale ________________________________________________________________________ DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY ENSR has designed and implemented a full-scale system combining several remediation technologies to treat soil and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The system combines bioremediation, steam injection, soil vapor extraction, groundwater extraction, and air-stripping. This system has been effective in removing chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethane (TCA), and trichloroethene (TCE), present as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLS). DNAPLs are present at the site in unconsolidated glacial clays with measured hydraulic permeabilities ranging from 10E-4 to 10E-5 cm/sec. The remediation approach for this technology combines the use of steam injection for the removal of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL), coupled with the application of nutrients to groundwater to promote biotransformation of TCE and 1,1,1-TCA to compounds which are more easily removed from the subsurface. A network of groundwater injection wells is used to deliver deoxygenated steam to mobilize the DNAPL in the subsurface and maintain anaerobic conditions. The deoxygenated steam is applied in the DNAPL phase, and not in the aqueous phase. Injection wells are also used to deliver growth substrates and nutrients into the aqueous phase to promote the growth of indigenously occuring anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria, specifically methanogenic bacteria, biotransform TCE and TCA to dichlorinated and monochlorinated alkenes and alkanes which are more easily removed from the subsurface in the aqueous phase. Although the kinetics associated with methanogenic bacteria are slow, the transformation is intended to only convert TCE and TCA to di-or mono-chlorinated compounds, making the remediated time faster. DNAPLs which are volatilized by close contact with injected steam are removed in the vapor phase by a network of vapor extraction wells. The vapor wells are connected to a vapor extraction unit which was custom built and designed for ENSR to be resistent to chemical corrosion. Air emissions from the vapor extraction unit are monitored using a total hydrocarbon analyzer. DNAPLs in the liquid phase are removed by a network of groundwater extraction wells. Extracted groundwater is treated in an air-stripper to remove chlorinated solvents. Page No. 2 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS ENSR's in situ groundwater remediation process, based on a systems approach, its effective in biotransforming and removing high concentrations of chlorinated solvents, even if present as DNAPLs. The biotransformation is carried out under anaerobic conditions and delivery of oxygen to subsurface microrganisms is not required. This in situ application is well suited for remediation of areas located beneath building foundations. The conventional treatment approach for aquifers contaminated with these compounds is removal by groundwater extraction combined with aboveground treatment. ENSR's approach is to biotransform TCE and TCA under anaerobic conditions, producing dichlorinated and monochlorinated compounds. These compounds have different chemical characteristics than their parent compounds (such as move favorable aqueous solubilities, vapor pressures, and octanol-water and octanol-carbon partition coefficients), and hence are more easily removed from the subsurface. ENSR has estimated that approximately 30 groundwater pore volume flushes are required to remove 90% of the TCE from an aquifer consisting of glacial clays. Comparable removal of the degradation compounds of trans- and cis-1,2-dichloroethene only requires 4 to 6 pore volume flushes, respectively. Anaerobic biotransformation produces degradation compounds which require less volumes of groundwater to be removed, shortens the remediation timeframe, and therefore, reduces the cost of remediation. An innovative feature of this technology is the simultaneous use of steam injection and biostimulation. Biostimulation of anaerobic bacteria, specifically methanogenic bacteria, is done by addition of growth substrates (potassium acetate and sodium formate) and nutrients to the subsurface. The conversion of TCE and TCA into their degradation products is accomplished by co-metabolism process, where these chlorinated compounds are not utilized as a primary carbon source. Additions of growth substrates, such as potassium acetate and sodium formate may form organic acids. However, the acidity induced by these compounds can be neutralized by the buffering capacity of the groundwater. No pH decrease was observed in the past. Page No. 3 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNOLOGY LIMITATIONS This type of in situ remediation process is limited to the treatment of chlorinated solvents. Anaerobic bioremediation of most other organic compounds is less effective than aerobic biodegradation. Additionally, this technology does not treat metals. Implementation of this technology requires bench- or pilot-scale testing to aid in design of a full-scale system. The presence of iron in the treatment zone may result in clogging of groundwater extraction wells and air stripper tower packing material. However, more prevalent problem is scaling occurred due to excessive Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions concentrations. Injection of substrate and nutrients into groundwater will likely require a permit in most states. Care must be taken not to mobilize DNAPLs when applying this technology. Page No. 4 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B OTHER COMMENTS ON TECHNOLOGY ENSR has been operating a full scale remediation system based on biotransformation combined with steam injection for approximately two years. A design for remediation of a second site impacted by chlorinated solvents present as DNAPLs using a similar approach was completed in mid-1993. System installation and start-up is scheduled for 1994. Both sites where this technology is being applied are being remediated under privately funded voluntary cleanups. Cleanup objectives for these sites were negotiated with the appropriate state agency. Steam injection combined with biotransformation is likely to be an effective remedial technology for many sites impacted by releases of chlorinated solvents. ENSR has also designed, installed, and operated a number of more traditional in situ groundwater biotreatment systems for the remediation of BTEX contaminated aquifers. Page No. 5 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B WASTE APPLICATIONS Media Actual/Potential _ _ Soil (in situ) _ _ Soil (ex situ) _ _ Sludge (Does not include municipal sewage sludge) _ _ Solid (e.g., slag) _ X_ Natural sediment (in situ) _ _ Natural sediment (ex situ) X_ X_ Ground water (in situ) _ _ Off-gas generated from a primary innovative technology _ X_ Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in situ _ X_ Light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) in situ Page No. 6 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B WASTE APPLICATIONS (Continued) Contaminants and Contaminant Groups Treated Actual/Potential Actual/Potential X_ X_ Halogenated volatiles _ _ Heavy metals _ _ Halogenated semivolatiles _ _ Nonmetallic toxic elements _ X_ Nonhalogenated volatiles _ _ Radioactive metals _ _ Nonhalogenated semivolatiles _ _ Asbestos _ _ Organic pesticides/herbicides _ _ Inorganic cyanides _ _ Dioxins/furans _ _ Inorganic corrosives _ _ PCBs _ _ Polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) Miscellaneous_____________ X_ X_ Solvents _ _ Explosives/propellents _ _ Benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene- _ _ Organometallic pesticides/ xylene (BTEX) herbicides _ _ Acetonitrile (organic cyanide) _ _ Organic acids Others: Page No. 7 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B WASTE APPLICATIONS (Continued) Industrial Waste Sources or Site Types Treated Actual/Potential Actual/Potential _ _ Agriculture _ X_ Munitions manufacturing _ _ Battery recycling/disposal _ X_ Paint/ink formulation _ _ Chloro-alkali manufacturing _ _ Pesticide manufacturing/use _ _ Coal gasification _ _ Petroleum refining and reuse _ X_ Dry cleaners _ X_ Photographic products _ X_ Electroplating _ _ Plastics manufacturing _ _ Gasoline/service station _ _ Pulp and paper industry _ _ Herbicide manufacturing/use _ X_ Other organic chemical manufacturing _ _ Industrial landfills _ _ Other inorganic chemical _ X_ Inorganic/organic pigments manufacturing _ _ Machine shops _ _ Rubber manufacturing _ _ Metal ore mining and smelting X_ X_ Semiconductor manufacturing _ X_ Municipal landfill _ _ Wood preserving Others: _ _ Uranium mining ---------- Page No. 8 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Site Name or Industry Type if Client Identity Confidential: AT&T ________________________________________ City: Confidential _________________________ State/Province: Illinois ________________ Country: USA _______________ Project Took Place at Site Named: Yes At another Site (i. e., a Test Facility): No Industrial Waste Sources or Site Types Treated _ Agriculture _ Paint/ink formulation _ Battery recycling/disposal _ Pesticide manufacturing/use _ Chloro-alkali manufacturing _ Petroleum refining and reuse _ Coal gasification _ Photographic products _ Dry cleaning _ Plastics manufacturing _ Electroplating _ Pulp and paper industry _ Gasoline service station _ Other organic chemical manuf. _ Herbicide manufacturing/use _ Other inorganic chemical manufacturing _ Industrial landfills _ Semiconductor manufacturing _ Inorganic/organics pigments _ Rubber manufacturing _ Machine shops _ Wood preserving _ Metal ore mining and smelting _ Uranium mining _ Municipal landfills _ Munitions manufacturing Others: __________ Page No. 9 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Site Name or Industry Type if Client Identity Confidential: AT&T ________________________________________ Regulation/Statute/Organization Media _ RCRA Corrective Action X_ Soil (in situ) _ CERCLA _ Soil (ex situ) _ TSCA _ Sludge _ Safe Drinking Water Act _ Solid _ UST Corrective Action _ Natural Sediment (in situ) _ DOD _ Natural Sediment (ex situ) _ DOE X_ Ground water (in situ) X_ State: Illinois _ Off-gas generated from a primary treatment technology _ Other: _ Dense nonaqueous phase liquid (in situ) _ Not Applicable _ Light nonaqueous phase liquid (in situ) Volume/Quantity Treated: __________ ____________(units) Area treated (for in situ projects): __________ ____________(units) Depth treated (for in sity projects): __________ ____________(units) Page No. 10 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Site Name or Industry Type if Client Identity Confidential: AT&T ________________________________________ Application Type X_ Full-scale cleanup _ TSCA Research and Development _ Field Demonstration _ EPA SITE Demonstration Program _ Pilot scale treatability study _ EPA SITE Emerging Technology Program _ RCRA Research, Development and Demo _ Research _ TSCA National Demonstration Other: __________ Estimated or actual total and/or unit cost for this project Cost: ____________ Units: _________________ Total: ____________ Page No. 11 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Site Name or Industry Type if Client Identity Confidential: AT&T ________________________________________ Performance Data Contaminant Untreated Concent. Treated Concent. ----------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- Trichloroethylene (TCE) 0.005 -86 mg/L 0.0002 -0.17 mg/L 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) 0.0005 -330 mg/L 0.0005 -0.936 mg/L TPH (Fuel Oil) 1,000 -20,000 mg/kg 250 -5,000 mg/kg BTEX 5,400 -20,000 mg/kg 100 -500 mg/kg PAHs 0 -17 mg/kg 0 -1 mg/kg Page No. 12 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Site Name or Industry Type if Client Identity Confidential: AT&T ________________________________________ Person outside company familiar with project (optional): Name: Angelo Basile ________________________________________ Company: AT&T ________________________________________ Address: 131 Morristown Road ________________________________________ Basking Ridge, NY 07920 ________________________________________ Additional Project Information: _______________ As of April 1993, approximately 13,285 pounds of hydrocarbons had been removed from the subsurface as measured by emissions from the air stripper and the vapor extraction system operating at one site. This quantity includes TCE as well as other chlorinated solvents. Page No. 13 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNICAL REFERENCES Author(s): G.J. Smith and G.A. Ferguson, ENSR ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Title: In-Situ Remediation Using Anaerobic Biotransformation ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Journal/Conference: 2nd International In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Date: 04/93 ________ NTIS/EPA Document Number(s): _________________________ Page No. 14 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNICAL REFERENCES Author(s): Smith, G.J., J.W. Aiken, and J.F. Tursman, ENSR ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Title: A Systems Approach for Rapid Cleanup of Chlorinated Solvent ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Journal/Conference: Presented at 1 USA/USSR Joint Conference on Enviornmental Hydrology ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Date: 06/90 ________ NTIS/EPA Document Number(s): _________________________ Page No. 15 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNICAL REFERENCES Author(s): Smith, G. J. an J.W. Aiken, ENSR ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Title: In-Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Soils and GW ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Journal/Conference: 84th Annual Air and Waste Management Association Meeting and Exhibit ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Date: 06/91 ________ NTIS/EPA Document Number(s): _________________________ Page No. 16 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B TECHNICAL REFERENCES Author(s): Chacanos, J.D., R.W. Hunter and S.S. Huismann, ENSR ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Title: A Lesson in Site Management and Cleanup: The Bishop Tank Farm Rn ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Journal/Conference: Society of Petroleum Engineering, Western Regionall Meeting, Anch ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Date: 01/93 ________ NTIS/EPA Document Number(s): _________________________ Page No. 17 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B ESTIMATED PRICE RANGE Estimated price range per unit of waste treated : $ 120 __________ to $ 160 __________ per pound solvent _______________ Price estimates shown above do not always include all indirect costs associated with treatment, such as excavation, permits and treatment of residuals. For price comparisons, users should make certain that vendors provide estimates based on comparable remediation activities. Factors that have a significant effect on unit price. (1 is highest). 4__ Initial contaminant concentration __ Moisture content of soil 5__ Target contaminant concentration 6__ Site Preparation 1__ Quantity of waste __ Waste handling/preprocessing 2__ Depth of contamination __ Amount of debris with waste 3__ Depth to ground water __ Characteristics of soil 9__ Characteristics of residual waste 8__ Utility/Fuel rates 7__ Labor Rates Others: __________ Page No. 18 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B FULL SCALE INFORMATION Major unit processes : Preprocess - Install steam injection wells - Install nutrient injection wells - Install network of vapor extraction and groundwater extraction wells - Size extraction and injection pumps and air stripping tower. 1. Monitoring and injection/withdrawal wells are drilled according to design specifications. 2. Steam generation and pumping equipment is installed. 3. Any pretreatment or post treatment process units are installed based on treatability testing. Typically, settling tanks and iron removal equipment are required as pretreatment for the air stripping unit. Process - Injection of deoxygenated steam to mobilize or volatilize DNAPLs. - Nutrient and substrate injection to enhance biotranformation. - Vapor extraction to remove aqueous phase solvents. - Removal of suspended solids in groundwater via a settling tank. - Air stripper process for removal chlorinated solvents from groundwater. 1. A network of thermistor probes is used to measure changes in temperature at varying depths and distance from steam injection wells. 2. Monitoring wels and extraction wells are monitored for nutrients, chloride, total organic halides, and target compounds. 3. System controls and safety devices are monitored 24 hours a day by a microcomputer with remote data transfer capabilities. Page No. 19 of 19 VISITT 3.0 11/30/99 (s3B Vendor Name: ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING Technology Type: BIOREMEDIATION - IN SITU GROUND WATER (s0B FULL SCALE INFORMATION (Continued) Vendor services: _ Equipment manufacture _ Subcontractor for cleanup services X_ Prime contractor for full-service remediation _ Other: Full-scale facility is: _ Transportable _ Fixed X_ In situ Number of full-scale cleanups initiated or completed by this firm using this technology: 1______ Number of full-scale systems: 2_____ Planned/in design 0_____ Under construction 1_____ Constructed Capacity range: NA ____________ to ____________ _______________ For equipment manufacturers - estimated or actual number of full-scale cleanups by other firms using this equipment: 0______